Froude once said that his account of the Armada should be as interesting as a novel, and there is no doubt that he ap- proached the reign of Elizabeth with the intention of making " our glorious semper eadem " the heroine of the stirring romance. He begins by quoting a contemporary description of the state of the country at the queen's accession: " The queen poor; the realm exhausted; the nobility poor and decayed ; good captains and soldiers wanting ; the people out of order; justice not executed; all things dear; division among ourselves ; war with France ; the French king bestrid- " ing the realm, having one foot in Calais and the other in Scotland; steadfast enemies, but no steadfast friends." The queen, with a disputed title, was forced by the circum- stances of her birth to identify herself with the revolt against the Papacy. Her personal inclinations, her philosophical temperament, and her dislike of extremes rendered her averse to the religious and political views of the Protestants. Mary Stuart in France quartered the royal arms of England on her shield; Philip, before he became actively hostile, tried to treat England as a vassal of Spain. Elizabeth faced the situation with regal spirit. She repulsed the advances of Philip, and insisted that England was strong enough to stand alone. She was determined to expel the French from Scot- land and from Calais, and as a child of the Reformation she was fixed in her opposition to the pretensions of the Bishop of Rome. The subtle De Quadra, Philip's first ambassador at her court, was aghast at " the spirit of the woman." His polite conclusion was that " she is possessed of the DevU, who is dragging her to his own place." The good bishop was an astute and experienced diplomat. He knew the power of Spain, the strength of her armies, the magnitude of her fleet. the untold riches of her American dominions. He could not understand how Elizabeth, with a rebellious Ireland and a hostile Scotland at her back, could hope to stand up against Philip. " She is possessed with a false opinion of her own resources, from which she will never awake till she is ruined." <br /><br />Part 2 of 2<br />Originally published in 1911<br />
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